Applying Calculus in Intelligence Calculations
(The Question of a Coup)

Coups in Africa

Let's examine some well-documented coups in Africa where post-event investigations, memoirs, and expert analyses exactly show the slow-burn patterns of coups:

  • Elite whispers

  • Performative loyalty

  • Silence from insiders, and

  • Danger being misjudged rather than unseen.

Here are specific, widely studied cases, with the pattern made explicit:

Not arranged in any particular order:

Mali coupsMali coups
Burkina Faso coupsBurkina Faso coups
Zimbabwe coupZimbabwe coup
Sudan coupSudan coup
Guinea coupGuinea coup
Niger coupNiger coup
Ghana coupsGhana coups
Uganda flag by NwankamaUganda flag by Nwankama

AI-generated image. The image of the military officer is for illustrative purposes only and does not represent any real person or country.

Nigeria coupsNigeria coups

Common patterns in the coups

Across these cases, experts consistently identify the same sequence:

  • Elite discontent becomes private, not public

  • Rituals of loyalty continue, but substance disappears

  • Advisers hedge, delay, or fall silent

  • Leaders mistake formality for fidelity

  • The coup appears sudden—only in retrospect

One day an administration stands; the next, it is gone.

This is why many coup experts argue that coups are not shocks but revelations: the moment when invisible shifts finally become undeniable.

Other Countries

<< Previous | Next >>

About the tool book

This free introductory manual starts where conventional intelligence analysis grows uncomfortable—and grinds to a screeching halt—and that is, sophisticated mathematics. No one likes maths, but it's maths that saves the day, every day. This manual takes a turn most intelligence analysts never expect: Calculus. This is not just equations; it's not academic maths, but a discipline designed to reason under uncertainty, thresholds, and hidden coordination.

Yes, many intelligence failures are driven less by missing information and more by a false sense of certainty.

Calculus accounts for what you do not know! In this case, calculus may be the missing tool leaders never realized they needed.

What intelligence analysts will get from this manual:

  • A disciplined way to treat coup risk as a continuously evolving process rather than a binary outcome.

  • A method for preventing repeated signals from masquerading as independent confirmation

    Practical tools for integrating noisy, incomplete, and deceptive intelligence without forcing premature conclusions.

  • A calculus-based framework for handling hidden coordination, thresholds, and nonlinear escalation.

  • Protection against false certainty created by consensus, narrative dominance, or analytic momentum.

  • Clear guidance on when confidence is warranted, conditional, or unjustified.

  • An approach that strengthens judgment without replacing experience or tradecraft.

  • Techniques for briefing senior leaders that explain not just what you assess, but why that level of confidence exists.

  • Earlier warning without alarmism, even when visible indicators remain weak.

  • A way to stay analytically ahead of surprise rather than explaining it afterward.

Download your free copy >>

Explore our other recent projects:

Not Intelligence-Related: